KAUST team create Thin-skinned solar panels printed with inkjet

03 September 2020: Solar cells can now be made so thin, light and flexible that they can rest on a soap bubble, according to the team of KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia. The team led by Derya Baran, Assistant Professor of Material Science and Engineering, have created Thin-skinned Solar panels printed on a inkjet printer. The new cells, which efficiently capture energy from light, could offer an alternative way to power novel electronic devices, such as medical skin patches, where conventional energy sources are unsuitable.

Until now, ultrathin organic solar cells were typically made by spin-coating or thermal evaporation, which are not scalable and which limit device geometry. This technique involved using a transparent and conductive, but brittle and inflexible, material called indium tin oxide (ITO) as an electrode. To overcome these limitations, the team applied inkjet printing.

Eloïse Bihar, in the team of Derya Baran, who led the research says that the tremendous developments in electronic skin for robots, sensors for flying devices and biosensors to detect illness are all limited in terms of energy sources. “Rather than bulky batteries or a connection to an electrical grid, we thought of using lightweight, ultrathin organic solar cells to harvest energy from light, whether indoors or outdoors.”

The team formulated functional inks for each the layer of the solar cell architecture. Inkjet printing is commonplace, but a key research challenge was to develop a functional ink to be able to print these tiny solar panels. So, instead of ITO, the team printed a transparent, flexible, conductive polymer. The electrode layers sandwiched a light-capturing organic photovoltaic material. The whole device could be sealed within parylene, a flexible, waterproof, biocompatible protective coating.

According to the research team, although inkjet printing is very amenable to scale up and low-cost manufacturing, developing the functional inks was a challenge. The intermolecular forces within the cartridge and the ink need to be overcome to eject very fine droplets from the very small nozzle. Solvents also play an important role once the ink is deposited because the drying behavior affects the film quality.

After optimizing the ink composition for each layer of the device, the solar cells were printed onto glass to test their performance. They achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.73 percent, beating the previous record of 4.1 percent for a fully printed cell. For the first time, the team also showed that they could print a cell onto an ultrathin flexible substrate, reaching a PCE of 3.6 percent.

“Our findings mark a stepping-stone for a new generation of versatile, ultralightweight printed solar cells that can be used as a power source or be integrated into skin-based or implantable medical devices,” Bihar says.

KAUST Solar Center’s mission is to create new solar energy solutions. The current expertise in the Center is centered on photovoltaic applications based on organic, hybrid and perovskite materials. The research accomplishments of the KAUST Solar Center (KSC) faculty helps establish the KSC as a renowned Center in these emerging photovoltaic technologies, from materials design, modeling, synthesis, and characterization to processing and solar cell fabrication.

www.ksc.kaust.edu.sa